Gasoline So Clean It’s Like Swapping to 11 Million EVs!
In September 2021 we covered a new "green gasoline" concept from Nacero, that involves constructing gasoline hydrocarbons by assembling smaller methane molecules from natural gas. Then in February 2022 the company inked a 20-year deal with NextEra to supply wind power to Nacero's Penwell factory in a bid to halve the lifecycle carbon footprint of its gasoline with the potential to take that number to zero. In so doing, the company claimed that the four million drivers burning Nacero gasoline will deliver the equivalent carbon savings of swapping 11 million ICE vehicles for EVs(!). We politely asked to see their math.
NORCO, LA - AUGUST 21: A gas flare from the Shell Chemical LP petroleum refinery illuminates the sky on August 21, 2019 in Norco, Louisiana. Located about 10 miles up the Mississippi River from New Orleans, the plant agreed to install $10 million in pollution monitoring and control equipment in 2018 to settle allegations that flares used to burn off emissions were operating in violation of federal law (the Clean Air Act). Many of the coastal parishes in Louisiana have a long and ongoing history in oil and gas production, which is often at odds with concerns of environmentalists. (Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images)
55-Percent CO2 Savings from the Production Process
Nacero's 93,000-barrels-per-day Penwell facility will earn a lifecycle (Scope 1-3) CO2 equivalent footprint* of 25 million metric tons per year. That's a 55-percent reduction from the 56 million tons that a typical crude-oil plant would be assigned for producing an equivalent amount. This is mostly because refining gasoline by cutting down super long and complex hydrocarbons from crude results in all sorts of other heavier, dirtier byproducts that you simply don't get when assembling gasoline from smaller methane molecules.
*Scope 1 figures in direct emissions from sources owned by Penwell; Scope 2 is indirect emissions from purchased electricity, steam, heat, and cooling; and Scope 3 covers all other emissions associated with a company's activities (emissions from the use of the product, its transportation, waste generation and disposal, etc. ).
8 Million Metric Tons Not Included
Of that 25 million MT figure, 8 million are assigned to activities like natural gas extraction and fuel hauling, which are the responsibility of other companies who can claim credit for the carbon reduction they bring about, so to be conservative, Nacero's calculations do NOT include these savings. This avoids the potential for double counting them.
Zeroing Out the Last 17 Million Metric Tons
Nacero uses four pathways to offset most of the remaining 17 million metric tons:
- Pre-combustion carbon capture and sequestration (1.4 million metric tons of Scope 1 emissions). This is accomplished using an absorber tower with a hot potassium carbonate solution that collects the CO2 that concentrates at the point where natural gas is converted to syngas on its way to becoming gasoline.
- Post-combustion carbon capture sequestration (1.5 million metric tons of Scope 1 emissions) A chemical solvent scrubs CO2 from flue gas generated by heater stacks employed throughout the facility, using existing, commercially proven technologies. The captured CO2 gets compressed and piped to a nearby oil field for use enhancing oil recovery, which sequesters the CO2 underground.
- Use of 100 percent renewable power (0.9 million metric tons of Scope 2 emissions) Here's where the recently inked NextEra deal for wind energy comes in.
- Use of renewable natural gas (11.8 million metric tons of Scope 3 emissions). The major sources of renewable natural gas today are landfills, animal manure, and solid waste extracted during wastewater treatment—all sources of waste that are continuously produced by present-day activities.
Arriving at that 11 Million EVs Number…
So to recap, there's 31 million metric tons of CO2 savings right off the bat from the refining process, plus at least 15.6 million metric tons from the four steps listed above. That's 46.6 million metric tons. The US Department of Energy assigns a typical gasoline vehicle a well-to-wheels pounds of CO2 Equivalent rating of 11,435 pounds, while an EV charged at the national-average electric grid's carbon equivalence gets a rating of 3,932 pounds. Using that math, switching just under 13.7 million gas cars to pure EVs across the country would save an equivalent amount of CO2. Nacero rounded down considerably to make its 11 million EVs claim conservative.
When and How Much?
Construction on the Penwell facility is just getting underway with a target of partially opening in 2025, making gasoline that warrants that 55-percent improvement over gasoline from crude. While the company has started arranging contracts for renewable methane, it's expected to take 10 years to source enough to fully eliminate that last 21 percent improvement. And a per-gallon cost is yet to be set for the gasoline but it's likely to be tiered. Nacero Blue gas is expected to be priced competitively with crude-based gasoline (the natural gas feedstock is way cheaper than crude), while Nacero Green will cost more to account for the added expense of sourcing renewable natural gas. Note that the gasoline may not actually be constructed of this gas, Nacero will simply contract to have an equivalent quantity of renewable natural gas injected into the national grid.
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hyundai ioniq-5 Full OverviewThe 2022 Hyundai Ioniq 5 is the most consequential new Hyundai since the original Genesis sedan. The Genesis changed people's perception of Hyundai as a brand, for the first time putting the Korean automaker in the luxury conversation alongside names such as Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Lexus. The new 2022 Hyundai Ioniq 5 is destined to change the perception of Hyundai again—only this time the conversations will be around Tesla.What Is It?The Ioniq 5 is the first Hyundai EV built on Hyundai Motor Group's Electric-Global Modular Platform (E-GMP). The Ioniq 5 is available worldwide with either a 58-kWh or 77.4-kWh battery pack and a single motor driving the rear wheels or (with the 77.4-kWh battery) motors front and rear providing all-wheel drive. In North America, the 77.4-kWh battery pack is the sole option.Even by the standards of today's topsy-turvy automotive taxonomy, the 2022 Hyundai Ioniq 5 is something of a segment buster. In photos, its crisp styling and taut proportions suggests a Veloster-sized hatchback with a sort of Hyundai-does-VW-Golf vibe. Look again and consider: It's rolling on 20-inch wheels and 255/45 Michelin Primacy Tour tires. In the metal, the Ioniq 5 is almost as big as a BMW X3, with a 118.1-inch wheelbase—that's an inch longer than a BMW X5's.Car Style, SUV SubstanceOur test vehicle is the range-topping 2022 Hyundai Ioniq 5 Limited HTRAC, which comes equipped with the big battery and all-wheel drive courtesy of two motors that produce a total of 320 hp and 446 lb-ft of torque. It also boasts a swag of premium goodies ranging from a power driver's seat with memory to a high-end Bose audio system to a head-up display and adaptive cruise control. You get all of this for $55,725.That's considerably less money than you'll spend for a dual-motor Tesla Model Y Long Range, which is listed at $60,900. What's more, the Hyundai looks and feels like a much more premium product. Where the Model Y's cabin is stark and austere, the Hyundai Ioniq 5's interior is thoughtfully detailed and well-finished, and it has buttons and knobs and targeted touch panels that mean you don't have to waste time looking away from the road to peck furiously at a giant screen to access mundane functions as you do in the Tesla. And while from the outside the Model Y looks as if it's been thrown together in a tent, with inconsistencies in the panel fits you can see from, er, Mars, the Hyundai's fit and finish is first rate.Testing, TestingThe new Ioniq 5 initially feels like a softer car to drive than many of its EV contemporaries, with its suspension seemingly tuned more for comfort than corners. But that's not to say it's slow. At the test track, the 0-60-mph sprint took just 4.4 seconds en route to a standing quarter-mile time of 13.2 seconds at 102.7mph. And unlike some EVs—the Ford Mustang Mach-E GT Performance Edition is a notable example—the Hyundai's rate of acceleration didn't fall off dramatically as speeds increased. Instead, it was able to sustain its forward push right through the quarter mile.Yes, the Tesla Model Y Long Range is quicker overall, whooshing down the quarter mile in 12.4 seconds at 114.8 mph, but the difference between the two is mostly at high speed, which has little relevance in real-world driving. The Hyundai's superior torque—its twin motors produce an additional 70 lb-ft compared to the Tesla—effortlessly punches the Ioniq 5 away from a standstill, and it's only 0.3 second slower to 60 mph than the 7 percent lighter and 20 percent more powerful Model Y.Despite its soft suspension, the Hyundai Ioniq 5 is surprisingly adept in the twisty bits. We recorded a figure-eight lap time of 25.7 seconds, just 0.2 second slower than the BMW X3 M40i we happened to test on the same day. This caused us to exclaim, "Holy smokes!" Frankly, we didn't expect this car to be as fun and capable as it is; it's quick and has way more grip than we anticipatedThe biggest surprise was how playful the Ioniq 5 can be on corner exits with all the nannies switched off: It actually drifts. Just for fun, we tried for a full sideways lap of the skidpad, and the Hyundai made it two-thirds of the way around before letting go.The asymmetric front-to-rear power and torque split of the dual-motor Ioniq 5—the front motor makes 99 hp and 188 lb-ft, while the rear pumps out 225 hp and 258 lb-ft—combined with near neutral front/rear weight distribution doesn't just make the Hyundai a giggle when you want to play at the track. It also makes it feel more poised on normal roads at normal speeds, despite steering that, though precise and direct, doesn't provide a lot of feedback.Brake feel is the car's biggest dynamic niggle. The blending between regenerative and mechanical braking is smooth, and the system hauled the 4,684-pound Hyundai to a stop from 60 mph in 123 feet, 5 feet more than the Tesla Model Y required. But we disliked the lack of feedback through the pedal: There's very little travel or pedal pressure under heavy braking before the ABS kicks in.More DetailsYou can actuate one of three drive modes—Eco, Normal, and Sport—via a large button beneath the steering wheel's left spoke. In simple terms, the modes change the weighting of the accelerator pedal, effectively encouraging the driver to make smoother and gentler inputs. Six regenerative braking levels are offered, ranging from zero (which allows the Ioniq 5 to coast freely) to a mode that enables one-pedal driving, with the car slowing to a gentle halt the moment you lift off. There is also an auto mode. Drivers can switch between these modes via steering wheel paddles.After a bit of experimentation, we preferred to set the drive mode to Sport, which allowed us to make the most of the powertrain's instant-on response, and the lift-off regenerative braking to Level 1, which enabled the 2022 Hyundai Ioniq 5 to flow down the road much like a regular combustion-engine car with an automatic transmission when lifting off the accelerator.Range FinderHyundai says the 77.4-kWh battery gives the dual-motor Ioniq 5 a range of 256 miles. Our stints on the road, which included highway cruising at 70 to 80 mph and some brisk bursts along quiet back roads, as well as endless fiddling with drive modes and regen settings, saw the Ioniq 5 consume 2.7-kWh per mile, according to the onboard computer, which translated to a range of just about 200 miles. Driven normally, you should expect a usable range of 220 to 230 miles, more if you are content to noodle along in Eco mode.No, the Ioniq 5 Limited won't travel as far between charges as the Tesla Model Y Long Range, which has a claimed range of just more than 300 miles. But you'll spend about 30 percent less time at the charging station with the Hyundai. Find a 350-kW DC fast charger, and the Ioniq 5's battery can be juiced from 10 percent charge to 80 percent in just 18 minutes and topped up fully in less than an hour. No other mainstream EV, apart from the identical-under-the-skin Kia EV6, can recharge so quickly.Do You Want One?In terms of overall practicality, the 2022 Hyundai Ioniq 5 is a mixed bag. The long wheelbase and flat floor mean the rear seat easily accommodates 6-foot-tall adults, and there's plenty of storage space around the cabin. But unlike most two-box SUVs, it is truly a hatchback, not a wagon. The raked C-pillars and angled backlight chew into the shallow load space at the rear, and there's only a small storage tray in the frunk.If driving range and load lugging are your absolute priorities, the Tesla Model Y Long Range, which will travel 28 percent farther between charges and has about 60 percent more luggage capacity with the rear seats up, would seem the obvious choice. But those two advantages come at a price.The Ioniq 5 Limited not only costs about $5,000 less than the Model Y, but it's also quieter and more comfortable to drive, is a visibly higher-quality vehicle inside and out, and can recharge much quicker. That it's also brisk and fun to drive if you want it to be are bonuses.Indeed, the 2022 Hyundai Ioniq 5 Limited HTRAC is a compelling all-arounder for the buyer who wants a premium EV, without paying top dollar.Looks good! More details?2022 Hyundai Ioniq 5 HTRAC (Limited Long Range) SPECIFICATIONS BASE PRICE $55,725 PRICE AS TESTED $55,920 VEHICLE LAYOUT Front and rear-motor, AWD, 5-pass, 4-door SUV MOTOR TYPE Permanent-magnet electric POWER (SAE NET) 320 hp TORQUE (SAE NET) 446 lb-ft TRANSMISSION 1-speed automatic CURB WEIGHT (F/R DIST) 4,684 lb (51/49%) WHEELBASE 118.1 in LENGTH x WIDTH x HEIGHT 185.2 x 74.4 x 63.0 in 0-60 MPH 4.4 sec QUARTER MILE 13.2 sec @ 102.7 mph BRAKING, 60-0 MPH 123 ft LATERAL ACCELERATION 0.88 g (avg) MT FIGURE EIGHT 25.7 sec @ 0.71 g (avg) EPA CITY/HWY/COMB FUEL ECON 110/87/98 mpg-e EPA RANGE, COMB 256 mi ON SALE Early 2022 Show All
ram 2500 Full OverviewThere's trail running, and then there's overlanding. The former portends day trips or weekend jaunts; possibly longer trips with primitive tent camping. The latter conjures extended off-grid adventuring where you may need to be self-sufficient for days weat a time while exploring the wilderness on logging trails, forest-service roads, and the like. American Expedition Vehicles seeks to cover the trail-runners with its Jeep Wrangler/Gladiator and Chevy Colorado offerings while offering overlanders the Ram Heavy Duty pickup-based Prospector and Prospector XL.What Is AEV?Founder Dave Harriton got his start stretching his dad's old TJ Wrangler in Montana, did a few more for some friends, then started American Expedition Vehicles. When the company's builds earned design kudos from Chrysler, it found Detroit-area partners to help step up its engineering game. Before long it was cranking out hits like the Jeep Hemi V-8 conversions that predated the Wrangler 392, as well as the Brute and Brute Double Cab Wrangler pickups that presaged the Gladiator. The AEV-designed, GM-manufactured Chevy Colorado ZR2 Bison Edition is a factory-orderable $5,750 option package that transforms the desert-runner ZR2 into more of a technical rock crawler. In addition to supplying parts for these GM builds, AEV upfits roughly 800 vehicles per year in its Wixom, Michigan, facility, evenly split between Jeeps (Wrangler and Gladiator) and Ram Heavy Duty pickups (2500 and 3500).What Is the AEV Prospector XL?AEV offers two packages applicable to either the Ram 2500 or 3500: Prospector and Prospector XL. Both get toughened AEV bumpers, a 3.0-inch suspension lift, AEV wheels, plus interior and exterior badging and graphics. Tires are the main difference between the two packages. Base Prospectors get 37-inch tires that fit under stock fenders with Mopar flares. XLs get 40-inch tires that require the fender and rear quarter openings to be expanded by about 3.0 inches (XL is 40 in roman numerals). Choose the XL if you're looking for the ultimate rock-climber/mud-bogger; go for the entry Prospector on a 3500 for max payload capacity when fitting heavy overlanding gear like an in-bed camper. That's because AEV de-rates the rear gross-axle-weight rating from 7,000 to 6,390 pounds for the 40-inch tires, but not for the 37s (our 2500's factory RGAWR of 6,000 is unchanged with either tire). XL versions comprise the majority of AEV's Ram business, with roughly a 60/40 split between 2500/3500. They're almost all Cummins diesel-powered except for Power Wagon upfits (some folks just gotta have those diff lockers). The base Prospector package costs $15,987; the Prospector XL costs $20,999.Chassis ModificationsAt the heart of this upfit is AEV's 3.0-inch DualSport suspension, with the "dual" referring to its goal of improving technical off-road prowess with no penalty to the original ride and handling. AEV accomplishes this trick by maintaining the stock springs and the original suspension geometry. To do this, it relocates the various mounting points for the suspension hardware. The front axle, for example, is articulated down and forward, increasing the wheelbase by 1.6 inches. This saves AEV having to custom make longer versions of the 40-some different Ram springs tailored to every different weight class. AEV also fits a hydraulic-assist steering upgrade to help swivel the giant tires. Our XL was upgraded further with optional AEV/Bilstein 8100 external-reservoir shocks ($2,140) designed to keep their cool and resist the fade that comes from boiling the shock fluid in prolonged hard running in a hot desert. And it all rides on a set of AEV 10- x 17-inch black Katla 10 wheels wrapped in 40 x 13 50R17 Cooper Discoverer STT Pro tires.Overlanding GearPerhaps the most vital piece of overlanding kit for self-preservation is a sturdy winch. AEV front bumpers are all designed to accept one, but they cost extra. Our AEV Prospector XL featured a Warn 16.5ti with synthetic rope that rang in at $2,711. Nighttime adventuring requires lighting, so we also had $2,801 worth of auxiliary LED lamps that mount to the $1,700 bumper brush guard, plus a set of rear-bumper LED lights ($594). The bed is fitted with a matching spare wheel and tire on a vertical mount ($1,736) that obscures most of the rear-window visibility and blocks the location where a rearview camera would go. We'd opt for the lay-flat spare option (there's no slinging any spare tire larger than stock underneath). A bed rack with crossbars provides a mounting point for a rooftop tent, axes, Jerry cans, etc. And finally, to fortify the underbody we added hardened differential covers front and rear ($381.50 and $409.50) and a breathable intercooler skidplate ($531.50). This all brings the estimated curb weight to within 1,000 pounds of the truck's gross rating, so some judicious expedition packing is called for (or an upgrade to the 3500). Along with some cosmetic upgrades, total AEV optional equipment came to $19,150.50, bringing the all-in price of our well-equipped Laramie to $119,194.50.How Does the Prospector XL Drive?Having recently spent a year in a stock Ram 2500 Laramie Cummins, the most indelible initial impression is how loud the tires are, the sound and vibration even coming up through the steering wheel in turns. This is followed closely by how high the AEV Prospector XL sits. You'll look down on lifted Super Dutys and across at semi drivers. Getting comfortable with the size takes a few miles; sitting so high off the road dulls your sense of speed. So if your natural pace is 10 mph beyond the speed limit, you may frequently find yourself 15 or 20 over. The taller, heavier tires and added curb weight blunt the acceleration, but it's still plenty strong. The added inertia is also noticeable in braking, where stops take more pedal effort than in our long-term Ram 2500. But sure enough, the ride feels almost identical—maybe smoother, thanks to the additional mass (AEV estimates ours weighs just shy of 4.5 tons). That is, until one of these jumbo donuts hits a single-wheel bump and sends a shudder through the steering and chassis. These mud tires don't grip paved corners like the stock tires, but then the stockers can't claw through mud bogs.Off-Roading the Prospector XLHaving mostly wheeled crossovers and stock Jeeps at our local ORV park, we're used to the toughest obstacles being off limits. Not for this rig! Climb any rock or plunge through any bog by simply relying on the tire-tread lugs and the Cummins torque and inertia to power through. Tough dusty ruts, sandy moguls—it doesn't matter. The Prospector XL tackled every path or obstacle with ease, or at least every path physically wide enough to accommodate it. And with the long wheelbase and gigantic turning circle, you must be cognizant of your escape route should a path prove too narrow. We were also impressed by how sturdy everything felt. The AEV Prospector XL took the harshest impacts in stride, and with no expensive sounding noises.How Do I Get an AEV Prospector XL?If you have a low-mileage current-generation Ram (or Jeep) that's never been wrecked, AEV can upfit it for you, but most builds are ordered new through AEV's online configurator and delivered through one of its 100 dealers. The dealer facilitates getting the stock truck built, shipped to AEV for the upfit, then shipped to the dealer. Upfitting typically takes about a week barring supply issues, and tires have lately been in particularly short supply. Buyers can specify unique paint—like the zinc-chromate green on AEVs four 2019 SEMA builds—but this stretches the build to 30 days and adds $13,687.Is the AEV Prospector XL Worth It?That $119,000 price includes a lot of showy bits we could do without. But the engineering is so stout we felt compelled to gin up an ideal build, starting with a strategically optioned 2500 Tradesman Cummins with Auto Level Rear Air Suspension, the Convenience Group, Uconnect 5 nav, Bed Utility Group, and the aux switches for $64,745. Then we spec'd a Prospector with 37s, the Mopar retractable steps ($2,420—they were included in our Laramie, and you need 'em!), AEV's leather and Cordura seat upgrade ($2,205), the smaller light bar ($1,024) plus the winch, intercooler skidplate, diff covers, and a few doodads for a total upfit cost of $29,196. We'd be out the door for $93,941 with the same suspension in a slightly more livable, goes nearly anywhere package with a bit more payload capacity, a quieter ride, and a slightly lower climb.Looks good! More details?2022 AEV Prospector XL Ram 2500 Laramie Cummins Turbodiesel Specifications BASE PRICE $91,679 LAYOUT Front-engine, 4WD, 5-pass, 4-door truck ENGINE 6.7L/370-hp/850-lb-ft turbo-diesel direct-injected OHV 24-valve I-6 TRANSMISSION 6-speed auto CURB WEIGHT 9,000 lb (mfr) WHEELBASE 150.6 in L x W x H 238.8 x 89.5 x 83.7 in 0-60 MPH 8.0 sec (MT est) EPA FUEL ECON Not rated ON SALE Now Show All
With back-to-back electric vehicle reveals last year, including the all-electric A6 E-Tron Concept, Audi just unveiled another close-to-production EV model. Underpinned by the same platform as the upcoming A6 EV sedan, the Audi A6 Avant E-Tron Concept is a peek at the monolithic electric station wagon version with an ultra-long wheelbase. Slated to join the four-ring brand next year, the battery-powered A6 Avant E-Tron will effectively be the first electric station wagon available in the U.S.Powertrain and RangeA Quick OverviewAudi equipped this concept car with advanced exterior lighting technology designed and developed in-house. Drivers can configure the LED headlights and OLED tail lamps with various custom light signatures. High-resolution projectors built into each side of the car illuminate the ground and function as greeting lights and warning signals for approaching bicyclists.And finally, while recharging the battery, occupants can play videos games on a virtual screen projected onto the wall in XXL format via the LED headlights. (The car must be parked and, of course, facing a wall.)Design AnalysisPricing and Availability
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